![]() ![]() MRI revealed that the tip of an acupuncture needle is normally placed near an interosseous membrane. Furthermore, we developed a two-dimensional (2D) model to study the flow field in connective tissues and observed directional fluid flow. We proposed a dynamic model to simulate the interstitial fluid flow near meridians and discovered that the source of direct impetus for this flow was the penetration of plasma between capillaries and interstitial fluid. This phenomenon demonstrates that the movement of an isotope along meridians requires an impetus, which is provided by circulating blood in living beings. No transmission track was found along the meridian, but a track appeared when saline solution with heparin was infused simultaneously through an axillary artery and a vein. In another experiment, nuclide was injected into the “Taiyuan” acupoint of a recently deceased monkey (within a half hour of death). It is believed that interstitial fluid flow can be used to help illustrate the modern physiological mechanism of meridians. These channels were different from those of lymphatic or blood vessels and partially coincided with the characteristics of meridians. visualized regional hypodermic migration channels in the interstitial fluid of humans using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Until now, there were no direct in vivo measurements of interstitial fluid flow, and information regarding interstitial fluid flow has only been inferred from other possibly correlated measurements. When mast cells are stimulated, they release chemical mediators from their cellular granules into the extracellular matrix and initiate a series of biological responses many of the responses are correlated with acupuncture effects. Mast cells are a type of immune cell found in connective tissues. However, studies of the effect of interstitial fluid flow on interstitial cells (mast cells) are rare. Blood flow plays an important role in guiding the physiological activities of endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and during bone remodeling. ![]() In vitro numerical simulations of how the architecture of extracellular fibers affects the shear stress on cell membranes also showed that interstitial fluid flow is important to the fluid force on a cell imbedded in a 3D matrix. Several in vitro experiments showed that interstitial fluid flow was very important for cell activities and that a flow of μm/s magnitude induced physiological responses from cells. Apart from its role in mass transport, interstitial fluid flow also provides a specific mechanical environment that is important for the physiological activities of interstitial cells. This flow provides a necessary mechanism for transporting large proteins through the interstitium and constitutes an important component of microcirculation. Interstitial fluid flow is the movement of fluid through the extracellular matrix of tissues, often between blood and lymphatic vessels. The numerical simulation results suggest that in vivo interstitial fluid flow constitutes the mechanical environment of cells and plays a key role in guiding cell activities, which may explain the meridian phenomena and the acupuncture effects observed in experiments. The numerical simulation results show the following: (i) the parallel nature of capillaries will lead to directional interstitial fluid flow, which may explain the long interstitial tissue channels or meridians observed in some experiments (ii) when the distribution of capillaries is staggered, increases in the velocity alternate, and the velocity tends to be uniform, which is beneficial for substance exchange (iii) interstitial fluid flow induces a shear stress, with magnitude of several Pa, on interstitial cell membranes, which will activate cells and lead to a biological response (iv) capillary and interstitial parameters, such as capillary density, blood pressure, capillary permeability, interstitial pressure, and interstitial porosity, affect the shear stress on cell surfaces. Using information from the deep dissection, microobservation, and measurement of acupoints in the upper and lower limbs of the human body, we developed a three-dimensional porous medium model to simulate the flow field using FLUENT software and to study the shear stress on the surface of interstitial cells (mast cells) caused by interstitial fluid flow. ![]()
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